What does the term "checks and balances" refer to?

The term "checks and balances" refers specifically to a framework within the U.S. Constitution that ensures no single branch of government—executive, legislative, or judicial—can dominate or abuse its power. This system was designed by the framers of the Constitution to prevent tyranny and protect democratic governance.

Each branch has specific powers and responsibilities, and they can "check" each other's actions. For example, the legislative branch has the authority to create laws, but the president (executive branch) can veto legislation. Meanwhile, the judicial branch has the power to interpret laws and can declare them unconstitutional, effectively checking the powers of both the executive and legislative branches. This interdependence creates a balance, promoting accountability and protecting individual rights, ensuring that power is not concentrated in one area of government.

The other options refer to different aspects of governance and policy management that do not encapsulate the fundamental principle represented by checks and balances. Economic management, international relations, and taxation and budgeting are all critical components of government function but do not specifically relate to the limitation and distribution of power among the branches of government as checks and balances do.